ancient murrelet arbitrary precision arithmetic arbitrary precision optimization autoencoder auxiliary population bayesian methods binomial thinning bootstrapping C++ closed population models clustering computational statistics conference paper covid COVID19 cran Deep Learning Demo disease analytics distribution efficiency FDA fMRI functional data functional representation ggplot hidden markov model keras kmeans large populations machine learning manifold maximum likelihood MGLMRiem multiparameter n mixture models natural language processing open population models optimization outliers package population abundance python R R package Rcpp regression replicated count data Rmpfr sampling distribution simon fraser university smooth curves SPD standard deviation standard error survey methodology tensorflow thesis tidyverse tikzDevice tutorial university of victoria unmarked unsupervised learning variability